What Is Reciprocal Socialization Means And Give 1-2...

1. Describe what reciprocal socialization means and give 1-2 examples that might demonstrate it. Reciprocal socialization is the process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them (pg. 260). One example the book given is if the parent is hostile, hostile parenting is associated with negative outcomes for adolescents such as being defiant. I think another example is a client that was mentioned in class she felt as if her existence was the cause of someone’s misery. If her mother never praises her, or tells her that she makes her life miserable, or that life would be easier if she was not born the client responds negatively and cuts herself and feels like a burden. 2. Describe the 4 parenting styles†¦show more content†¦I have walked into apartments where is child is so soiled that its seeping through his diaper and I felt so bad I cleaned him up myself and the mother didn’t even know why I was cleaning him. Indulgent parenting is a style in which parents are highly involved with their adolescents, but place few demand or controls on them. These parents allow their adolescents to do as they please. These parents feel that if they give their adolescent this freedom that it will produce a creative, confident adolescent when really it creates social incompetence. 3. Describe the 4 types of attachment as discussed in your text (there is secure and then the 3 types of insecure) It been found that is psychologically healthy for adolescents to be attached to their parents. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth argue that secure attachment in infancy is central to the development of social competence (pg. 274). Insecure attachments can lead to difficulties in relationship and developmental problems. The book defines secure attachment as an attachment pattern in which infants use their primary caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. It also defines insecure attachment as an attachment pattern in which infants either avoid the caregiver or showShow MoreRelatedUnit 2 PPT Copy4989 Words   |  20 Pagesmeeting, please post your answer to this question. NOTE: There is no right or wrong answer! What do you think could be a possible cause of autism? This week’s agenda: Unit 2! Studies †¢ Multimedia: †¢ Launch ABA Case Study Portfolio †¢ Launch ABA Terminology Game †¢ Readings: †¢ The Autistic Spectrum †¢ Chapter 4 †¢ â€Å"First Causes† pg. 115125/Summary pg. 140-141 †¢ Chapter 13 This week’s agenda: Unit 2! Studies †¢ Search the Capella Library or a professional site (i.e. JABA) for at least ONE scholarlyRead MoreHuman Learning Reflection Paper4297 Words   |  18 Pages Moreover, I take a close look at what characteristics make me an effective teacher and what ethical and moral aspects of teaching I have to consider. Learning Theory and Its Importance I believe that teaching is an art supported by science. 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To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their pro ducts

The Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse - 1044 Words

The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Child abuse is when a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes injury, emotional harm, and risk of serious harm or even death to child. There are four main categories of child abuse: physical, sexual, and emotional and neglect. Each type of abuse has many different signs to show a child is danger. There are many reports of child abuse reported a year in the US. If anyone suspects any sign of child abuse authorities should be notified so the proper action can be taken. Physical abuse includes visible injury such as broken bones, bruises, cuts, scratches, brain damage, sprains, or even death. Sexual abuse can be contact or non-contact. Signs for a child being sexually†¦show more content†¦Everyone has their own way of dealing with different situations and some just turn to child abuse as one form of escaping their problems. Some demographic factors are the age of the parents. The child’s parents might be at such a young age where they don’t understand the whole parenting situation and do not want to turn to anyone for help. The sex of the parent might make a difference as well (Child Help, 2015). A father might be more prone to child acts of child abuse rather than a mother. The sex of a child might play a role as well. Say if a parent wants a daughter but gets a son instead they might not be happy about it and take it out on the child. A parent’s social skill might make them not be in the right state of mind to care for their child. They might be living in an unstable environment or have unstable finances (Joyful Heart Foundation, 2015). Parents might have stress between each other and decide to take it out on the child or just might abuse their child if they were once abused themselves as a child growing up. Depression and substance abuse can play a big role as well. After a situation of child abuse there might be many different outcomes. There will automatically be a relationship between the Criminal Justice System and Child Protective Services for any case reported. Every report will be investigated by CPS, CJS,

Launch of a New Product Line For a Company -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLaunch of a New Product Line For a Company. Answer: Introduction The launch of a new product line for a company is an essential activity for every organization around the global marketplace. Every company has the product mix, which often consists of hundreds of products that are continually evolving. The evolution includes the old products dying, products that are reaching maturity, products that contribute to rapid growth along with new products produced to reach the loyal together with targeted customers. To achieve a live and enduring launch of a new product line for a company, it requires far-sighted and related development program that directs innovation in line with the objection of the business strategy of a given company (Beard Easingwood 2016, p. 101). Moreover, the advancement of a program for the dispatch of another product offering for an organization incorporates item change, product-offering expansion, and item relaunch, together with item development. The dispatch of another product offering for an organization includes each segmen t of the organization appropriate from its administration to the machine administrator in the line. The launch is profitable if there is an integrated company operation (Liu Schivaldi 2011, p. 632). There is a need for integrated knowledge of the company and its management based on appropriate communication and sympathetic, along with informed leadership. Therefore, this primary aim of this research paper is to show how a company can appropriately launch a new product line. Important traits of project and the process-managing project The launch of a new product line for a company covers not only the technical investigation, but it also includes the total advancement of the use of technology of the company. It also covers the operations of the internal organization, the market activities, and marketing, the customers along with consumers, the technological ambiance that surrounds the business such as competitors. Besides, the launch of a new product line for a company takes into consideration the social and physical environment in which a given company operates. The company has to form the capacity of interrelating its expertise and knowledge with the sophisticated ambiance that surrounds its operations leadings to the successful launching of a new product line (Tang Colla 2012, p. 26). Moreover, there is a need by every company during the launch of the new product to recognize if they lack some of the essential knowledge of the total technology advancement as well as the resources of finding the best techniques to use in launching its new line of products. Therefore, companies have to be selective of the knowledge along with skills that they collect, but they need still to ensure that process of making decision involve the use of advanced technology (Watson 2016, p. 1). The selection of expertise prior the launch of the new product line by the company consist of tactic knowledge already held by employees and employers within the company and advance experience from the outside the company together with expertise from market and product investigation. The management process has to focus on the cultures of the company and the individuals. The focuses on such cultures have the substantial impact on the program of the launching of a new product line for a company. A company might experience different cultures during the launch of a new product line like the high risk or low risk, tactic knowledge users, casually organized or bureaucratically organized, democratic or autocratic among other cultures in creating different types of launching products that comprise of different types of innovations. Some of the customs during the launch might be entirely correct for the time and the place, but organizations need to be fully aware of the decisions they have to make (Talke ColavelliOConnor 2011, p. 953). The team must also understand the influences that affect those decisions, and maybe the need to change such decisions during the launch of a new product line for a company. Therefore, acquisition of new knowledge on the advancement of tech nology aid in improving the cooperations as well as communication, the establishment of new criteria for the development of new product lines, and enhancing different strategies of business regarding innovation (Launch of new company represents more than a change of name 2013, p. 280). Hence, it is essential for every organization to study the degree of innovating products that they achieve during the past few years and then relate the results to some of the critical factors to the successful launching of a new product line. Basic attributes expected of the venture chief and difficulties of overseeing venture in the worldwide business condition Propelling of the new product offering is not what applies to be the place before the basic dispatch date, a venture director would take off and meet with journalists from all the fundamental press outlets. In the wake of propelling, most undertaking chiefs would sit back to watch the articles come in the commercial center (Maus 2015, p. By and by, the pace has gotten numerous constraints just by the speed of light. In addition, the new scene of the media consolidates far less huge outlets as it contains fewer thinned down productions alongside the unnecessary measure of specific sorts of ads. The managers can accomplish the activities of producing quality products for launching by creating the marketing program as well as the comprehensive network of distribution using the brick together with mortar retail outlets, the presence of internet, and the catalog for consumers (Nazar Rakotomahefa 2016, p. 319). The utilization of the multi-channel approach by project managers will enable them, to reach to the niche marketplace for quality personal care products faster and efficiently. The project manager must be someone who can develop crucial several development points like the formation of initial conceptualization of business throughout some form of business plan, creating the initial business processes by applying some form of managing project, launching the project and re-conceptualizing the company as it starts to decline. The significant challenges in managing the project of the launch of a new product line for a company continues to be competition in the marketplace, advancement of technology, shifting in prices, and consumer behaviors. Most global markets experience competition where many companies produce similar products and this make it more difficult for the launching of related products by a different company. The company that launches a new product line might fail to attain huge profits because the already established products in the market might have the best quality as per the requirements of the customers and consumers. Besides, development of technology remains to be the most challenging task that every company has to deal with while launching its new product lines (Talke Colarelli O'Connor 2011, p. 951). Every company must ensure that they embrace the use of advanced technology to reach a massive number of people around the global society. The need to have the technological usage for adv ertisement and communicating with customers about the new product line makes the company utilize massive sum of money. The money used in the ad could have well been applicable in producing more product lines. The use of venture arranging gadgets, for example, Charts of Grant, Critical Path Technique, Plan Evaluation along with Review Technique (PERT), as well as Project of Microsoft The project managers must focus on the use of project planning tools in designing, analyze, as well as representing the different tasks involved in the launching of the new product line. Charts of Grant, Critical Path Technique, Plan Evaluation along with Review Technique (PERT), as well as Project of Microsoft, as tools for project management and evaluation are essential as they assist the manager to understand the time needed to complete every task. The devices also help the project manager during the launching of the new product line for the company to be able to identify the minimum duration required to complete the total activity during launching. Besides, the use of Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) incorporates doubt by creating it necessary to plan although not understanding exactly the facts together with time of all the operatioms (Capatina Draghescu 2015, p. 1). The utilization of arranging apparatuses influences the way toward propelling new item to line to be a greater amount of an occasion situated system, instead of begin and culmination situated. Therefore, project managers have to use these projects tools in the launching of the companys new product lines especially where the time continues to be the dominant factor rather than cost (TFP announces new product launch 2016, p. 356). The use of venture arranging gadgets apply to enormous scale, complex, one-time, non-routine infrastructure, as well as in researching and developing projects for launching a new product lens for any given company. Additionally, the use of Grant Charts helps the manager to follow every procedure in launching the companys product lines (Fili 2014, p. 321). For instance, the use of Grant Charts allows the managers to focus on critical path analysis where they cannot start some activities until they finish others prior launching of the new products of the company to the global marketplace. Surveying the undertaking design with specific accentuation on distinguishing and overseeing venture dangers For every project, experienced managers must use well established methodologies of managing any occurrence of project risks. Some of the methods that can be applicable in handling and identifying project risk include project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) or PRINCE2, or they can use in-house methodologies that are particular to the company. The applied techniques of managing and identifying project risks must have some differences in emphasis that the company tends to use slightly different terminology (Browning 2014, p. 231). Besides, the plans must share some key features such as delivering of projects in stages and specific shared processes of managing the launch of new product lines that run across every phase of operation. The first step remains to be the creation of an efficient system of managing the risk that aid in understanding the qualitative distinctions among various types of risks faced during the launch of new product lines by the company (Beard Easingwood 2016, p. 102). The danger faced during the launching of the project falls into different categories such as preventable risks, strategy risks, and external risks. The management of risks requires entirely different structurals and roles for the risk-management duties, but all forms of governance must encourage employees to challenge existing assumptions along with debate information concerning such risks. How effective best practice of employing project management techniques using real-life products as learning tool Skills for project management used for launching the new product line for the company remains to be the essential guide for the project towards finishing line. It stands at the correct place, right from its initial kickoff to final sign-off. Besides, continuous improvement channels from the real life products are sprouting up all over as companies strive to better their operations and gain the edge (Cevc 2014, p. 120). Using real-life product as learning tools, the project manager for the launching of the new product line for the company can borrow tips to improve their operations. Some of the suggestions include the need for finding out who is the reality in charge of operations, establishing the standard understanding towards success, clarifying objectives of the projects, identifying technological issues that affect services and having the practical plan. Moreover, using the real-life product as the learning tool, project management can efficiently employ best practices for planni ng like the establishment of the realistic schedule for the launching of new project lie of the company (Kozak-Holland Procter 2014, p. 249). The company can also use the new learning tool in attaining the right persons to support its operations and keep the project of launching new product lines to move forward. Besides, project management can use the real-life project as a flexible process to plan by ensuring that each operation stays sufficiently adaptable to deal with the inescapable changes that will happen without welcoming the confusion of uncontrolled changes along with extreme scope clamber (Debruyne 2012, p. 168). Therefore, the use of the real-life product as the learning tool by the project management during the launch of the advance invention line of the organization remains to be the best practice as it aid in establishing the active process of reviewing production and operational activities. Conclusion It is essential for project managers from time to time, to study the degree of innovation of different product lines for launch achieved during the past few years. The relation of such past operations by the company will form the critical basis to the successful introduction of the new product line. The administration also has the mandate of coordination of product, processing and market survey on best models to use in the launching of its products. There is a need for the project management to evaluate the marketplace in the early stages and prior launching of projects. Lists of References Beard, C. and Easingwood, C. (2016). New product launch: Marketing action and launch tactics for high-technology products. Industrial Marketing Management, 25(2), pp.87-103. Browning, T. (2014). Managing complex project process models with a process architecture framework. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), pp.229-241. Capatina, G. and Draghescu, F. (2015). Success Factors of New Product Launch: The Case of iPhone Launch. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(5). Cevc, G. (2014). Project Launch: From research finding to therapeutic product. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 51, pp.123-136. Debruyne, M. (2012). The impact of new product launch strategies on competitive reaction in industrial markets. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19(2), pp.159-170. Fili, A. (2014). Business angelventure negotiation in the post-investment relationship: the use of the good cop, bad cop strategy. Venture Capital, 16(4), pp.309-325. Kozak-Holland, M. and Procter, C. (2014). Florence Duomo project (14201436): Learning best project management practice from history. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), pp.242-255. Launch of new company represents more than a change of name. (2013). Veterinary Record, 172(11), pp.280.2-280. Liu, T. and Schiraldi, P. (2011). New product launch: herd seeking or herd preventing?. Economic Theory, 51(3), pp.627-648. Maus, C. (2015). The Heterogeneous Accentuation of Economic Content In Vocational Education: A Starting Point for Occupation-Specific Human Resource Development. Organizacija, 48(1). Nazar, N. and Rakotomahefa, T. (2016). Analysis of a Small Company for Software Product Line Adoption An Industrial Case Study. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, 8(4), pp.313-322. Talke, K. and Colarelli O'Connor, G. (2011). Conveying Effective Message Content When Launching New Industrial Products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 28(6), pp.943-956. Talke, K. and Snelders, D. (2013). Information in Launch Messages: Stimulating the Adoption of New High-Tech Consumer Products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(4), pp.732-749. Tang, V. and Collar, E. (2012). IBM AS/400 new product launch process ensures satisfaction. Long Range Planning, 25(1), pp.22-27. TFP announces new product launch. (2016). Reinforced Plastics, 60(6), pp.355-356. Watson, R. (2016). EU to launch new antimicrobial resistance action plan. BMJ, p.i6328.

International Marketing Strategy Culture of an Organization

Question: Describe about the International Marketing Strategy for Culture of an Organization. Answer: Introduction The Culture of an organization is deeply built on its interpersonal relationships, training materials and policies (Doucette, C, 2016). Nestle is facing many challenges in managing its internal and external factors. Here are some major challenges which Nestle face around the world. Nestls Current Internal Issues Lack of investment in education and training: It is essential to invest on education and training to enhance the efficiency of the employees. Though Nestle is offering training and education program of its own, but that does not seems to be an effective one. Lack of proper Policy of talent acquisition: Nestle Bangladesh has started to follow their international HR policy that is usually not applicable in Bangladeshs perspective. They do not have any proper policy of talent acquisition. High turnover rates: Nestle has always been conducting recruitment regularly which shows that they have been facing the problem of retaining efficient employees. Nestls strategy to solve the problem of arising internal challenges It is obvious that a motivated and a happy employee has the capability to make the guests happy, so Nestle is now focusing to motivate their employee by providing them a better place for work. They make changes in their workplace policies as per the requirement of the employees and giving consideration to the culture and background of their employees (Nestleprofessional.us, 2015). A new system is introduced to measure performance, give evaluations and necessary feedback. Empowers service staffs to solve problems on their own and ensure facilities to all the available staffs equally and safe as possible. Nestls Current External Issues Resources shortage: We know that shortage in resources will lead to increase in price and volatility. Due to grain shortfall Nestle has to increase the price of the products (nestle.com, 2013). In Europe most people have to spend 40-60% of their income on food, and usually on staple food. Horsemeat crisis affects Nestle: Due to the horsemeat crisis there is a widespread fraud across Europe, including Europe (News.sky.com, 2013). As a result many customers started to feel mislead. It is clear that the success of a food industry such as Nestle is truly built on trust. It is the most important asset to the company and should work hard for not losing it. Ways to overcome external issues Nestls CEO, Keynote mentioned in his speech that water scarcity is the main cause behind shortage of food grains and increase in the price of products, in order to resolve such issues conservation of water is must to maintain sustainability in their business activities (Andrei, M, 2015). Trust is an important part that should not be lost. Therefore, Nestle is trying to maintain this trust factor among their potential customers by feeding millions of people with nutritious and safe products (Clark, P, 2014). Conclusion Nestle is the worlds largest food company and has such a history that makes the hardcore industrialists shiver. The major issue of this industry is that they promote unethical promotions, pollution, price fixing and mislabelling. All these unethical practices should be avoided to gain trust from their customers. References Andrei, M. (2015). [Online]. Why Nestle is one of the most hated companies in the world. Viewed 4 October 2016 from https://www.zmescience.com/science/nestle-company-pollution-children Clark, P. (2014). [Online]. Nestle warns water scarcity more urgent than climate change. Viewed 4 October 2016 from https://www.ft.com/content/c8d19bc6-0b49-11e4-ae6b-00144feabdc0 Doucette, C. (2016). [Online]. Internal External Factors That Affect an Organization. Viewed 4 October 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/internal-external-factors-affect-organization-16641.html Nestle.com. (2013). [Online]. Nestle CEO warns water scarcity is major threat to food industry. Viewed 4 October 2016 from https://www.nestle.com/Media/NewsAndFeatures/city-food-lecture Nestleprofessional.us. (2015). [Online]. How to Motivate and Retain Employees. Viewed 4 October 2016 from https://www.nestleprofessional.us/trends/how-motivate-and-retain-employees News.sky.com. (2013). [Online]. Horsemeat: Nestle Withdraws Products In Scandal. Viewed 4 October 2016 from https://news.sky.com/story/horsemeat-nestle-withdraws-products-in-scandal-10454180

Social welfare policy that facilitates reduction of poverty and inequality in US

Introduction In the past two decades, the international community has made poverty eradication as their number one priority. Over a decade ago, Breton wood institutions came up with an objective of minimizing cases of income – poverty in less developed countries from over 30% to less than 15% by 2015 (Bourguignon 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social welfare policy that facilitates reduction of poverty and inequality in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Escalation in global poverty has led to emergence, fusion, and dispensation of new economic models which focuses on economic stability, liberalization, privatization of public institutions, and exploration of market solutions in supplying public goods. These approaches marked the era of policy making in both developed and developing nations in their effort to promoting living standards of the poor nations and the eradication of poverty globally (Bour guignon 3). Most studies investigating inequalities between countries assume all citizens from these nations have similar mean income. Most of these studies suggests that majority of the Asian countries grew first towards the mean income while the rest of developing nations are moving further away (Glazer 3). These studies show that the income of the richest members of the population which constitutes of about 20% has rose to over 80%. Therefore, the increasing global inequality has been a constant feature over the past three decades, with a noticeable scenario from 80s to date and there is diminutive evidence that this condition will change (Glazer 4). With exclusion of china, the reduction of inequality in the global arena has not been realized since 1975. Since the end of 70s, US have experienced spectacular increase in economic inequality. United States is considered to be the most unequal nation among the world richest economies. In spite of the scale of the increase in the ine quality, the political class in the US rarely discusses this subject in the public. Throughout the history of the United States of America, its populace has struggled considerably with the paradox of poverty amidst riches (Weil and Kenneth 2). This has left many people wondering why a nation endowed with such magnitude of wealth still witness its own citizens struggle while there are enormous opportunities and excellent economy. Are the poor to be to be blamed or they are just victims of social inequality dogged with racism and bigotry, or economic system that favors the affluent over the struggling population? The paradox of the American poverty runs down to a long time and the only news is the amount of public policy concentration aimed towards the poor. A lot of attention is being paid now than before and one of the major reasons for this is the restructuring of the welfare system.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fi rst paper with 15% OFF Learn More The American income safeguarding system is categorized into two based on their relationship with the workers; one of the category is the social security which includes unemployment compensation program, disability insurance among others which is linked to the payroll deduction or contributions from the income to the public programs. The other category is the social welfare programs whose suitability is centered on the welfare earning and accumulated affluence. Welfare programs are mostly for the needy and the poor people in the society (Glazer 3). Personal Responsibility and Work opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 led to the overhaul of the welfare system. One of the major reform programs was the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This program offered cash incentives to the families which had children but earned low income (Weil and Kenneth 4-5). There were other legislations that sought to terminate all of the abo ve government programs that assisted the low-income earners/ the poor by encouraging self-reliance and personal responsibility. PRWORA put in place stringent measures that limited the cash assistance, enforced work requirements, and promoted matrimony and nuclear family as a basis for raising children (Trattner 6). Welfare reforms in the US have been a big achievement, in any case by considering the reduction in the welfare problems. The number of families that got assistance from the welfare programs decreased by more than half between the year 1994 and the year 2000. By the year 2000, only 2.1% of the US populace was receiving support from the government welfare program known as the Temporary Assistance for the Needy Family program (TANF). Successes of these programs were promoted by the flourishing economy at that time. This welfare programs helped in poverty caseloads reduction even in the single families with women as the head. The year 2002 saw the re-authorization of the welf are reform bill as a result of the protests from the poverty and welfare rights group. The right group argued that PRWORA placed a lot of focus on minimizing caseloads instead of prioritizing poverty reduction (Glazer 3). Statistics of the poor Americans According to the studies carried out in the year 2000 it was established that the poor Americans constituted of about 11% of the population. This study was carried by the US office of management and Budget. This was the lowest rate since 70s and only 4.4% lived below the poverty line.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social welfare policy that facilitates reduction of poverty and inequality in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is diminutive evidence to support the critics who opposes PRWORA claiming that it has impoverished the populace more. In a matter of fact, the average income of the American families within the bracket of bottom 20% increased from 1 2600 dollars to over 14000 dollars. The growing incomes among the poor and the rich reinforced the euphoria over the improving economy and authenticating claims that welfare reform was successful (Glazer 3). Activists representing the poor argue that income benchmark used by the federal government to measure poverty was too low to cover the basic needs. In the year 2000, single mothers with two children required only 14000 dollars to be counted out of the poor population while a nuclear family with two children required 17500 dollars. In contrast, the median income for the American families was approximately 51000 dollars. Analyst argues that personal income at or above the economic poverty income threshold cannot support an individual in the world biggest cities like London, Washington D.C, among others since housing is beyond their reach (Bourguignon 2). Considerable difference in living costs in different geographical regions forms the basis for criticism against a single nationa l income standard for defining poverty. Other limitations on the official definition of poverty are its failure to account for other source of income or support such as food stamps (Trattner 6). Child poverty rates dropped by almost 20% in the early 1990s to the year 2006 according to the national survey carried out in 2007. About 11.5 million children and 3.4 million adults of age 65 and above live in poverty making almost half of the poor population in America. Children and elderly persons are considered as eligible poor who deserves state’s assistance. They cannot be held responsible for their poor status. America’s racial minorities still constitute the poorest in the American society (Glazer 3). The racial structure and composition of the poor Americans have not changed over the past ten years. In early 90s, 50% of the poor populations were non-Hispanic white. This figure went down by 3% in the year 2000 to 47%. America’s increasing racial diversity has tak en place at the same time with the waning poverty rates across racial and ethnic minority groups. Between 1990 to date poverty, rates have gone down from 28% to 19% among the Hispanic, and from 12% to 10% among Asian and Islanders.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reduction in poverty rates dropped steeply among the African American from about 40% in the year 1990 to about 20% in the year 2006. However, poverty rates among the African American and the Hispanics is still about twice the national average (Trattner 7). Wage inequality between male and female have persisted coupled with the escalation in single motherhood. This has underpinned the perception that the growing poor Americans are women (Bourguignon 2). In the year 2000, the poverty among women was 25% higher than men and this gender difference has remained constant over the years. The sex difference has persisted despite of the increasing female employment rate, increase in income and reducing wage difference between male and females (Trattner 6). About half of the America’s poor families are headed by women although families headed by women only represent quarter of the all families with children. In the year 2000, the rate of poor families headed by women was six times high er than the rate for married couple (Trattner 6). After the enactment of the PRWORA, this rate started to decline from 47% to nearly 30%. The main goal for this welfare program was to encourage work and economic self-reliance among the poor particularly among the unwed mothers with children. Therefore, welfare reforms forced large percentage of female beneficiaries into the labor force. Although employment does not protect an individual from poverty, people who area employed are likely to be less poor (Glazer 3). The personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) The personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was signed by President Clinton in 1996 into law to fulfill his promise of ending the welfare problems facing the poor Americans at that time. This law transformed the entire national welfare system both substantially and administratively. This law also eliminated the previous welfare system which had been advocated against by peop le from all walks of life since it was increasing state expenditure while leaving the poor on the mercy of the government donations (Caraley 5). The main purpose for the introduction of personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was to minimize over dependence on welfare, bringing forth children out of wedlock and promoting nuclear type of families. In line wit the above preconditions, the act required that the beneficiaries to look for job opportunities within two years of receiving support, and placed a five-year limit on the lifetime a person should be entitled to these benefits. In addition, the act (Weil and Kenneth 7) Brief history of the law PRWORA eradicated the previous welfare program known as the AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) which was enacted in 1935 following the great depression that engulfed the US and the global financial arena. AFDC welfare benefits were based on eligibility. This means that families who met their conditions wer e entitle to the benefits for as long as they needed it. In addition, the federal share of the AFDC funds fluctuated in accordance with the caseloads. At first people saw the program as a helping hand to the justified widows as it helped them to raise their children. On the other hand, critics felt that this program encouraged dependency among the escalating class of single mothers, besides creating inflated and incompetent bureaucracy (Weil and Kenneth 9). In 1970s large number of women started joining the workforce as the Americans started becoming hungry at the single mothers whom they viewed as undeserving the benefits of the program. Besides, the welfare beneficiaries stated to grow at an alarming rate thus increasing the cost of the program. Racial subjects also played a big part in the switch as the African-American women became stereotyped as welfare mothers (Weil and Kenneth 7). The US government in the year 1980s, started to issue waivers to the to some of its states that considered to test their own welfare programs. Some of these states enforced work obligations and limited time for receiving benefits thus tried to transform the behavior of the beneficiaries by granting or denying benefits inline rules set in their programs. Some of the American conservatives also argued that the welfare programs increase d poverty instead of reducing it since many people became over-dependent on the program (Bourguignon 8). When President Clinton was elected he continued to support states that wanted to test their own social welfare programs to replace the then entitlement program.However, when the republicans won the majority sits in congress in 1994, they proposed a plan to introduce their own principals into the welfare program. This pressurized President Clinton to pass a considerable welfare restructuring legislation so as to demonstrate his record as a moderate politician (Bourguignon 9). However, President Clinton rejected two republican welfare-restructuri ng bills in the year 1995 that he felt were too inconsiderate. In the year 1996, both the republicans and the democrats were under pressure to conclude the welfare reform agenda before the forthcoming general election. As a compromised bill, congress submitted PRWORA to the president who signed it into law despite of his doubts over certain clauses. A number of high-level officials resigned to protest the signing of the bill arguing that the bill would cause escalation of poverty and inequality during recession (Weil and Kenneth 7). Main provisions of the personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act The act creates Temporary Assistance for the Needy families (TSNF). TANF substitutes previous eligibility program for instance Aid to Families with Dependent Children. The act devolves responsibility of welfare programs from federal government to the state/ local governments and non-profit making private organizations. The act uses time restrictions and work conditions to stress the move from welfare to work. The law stiffens entitlement standards for Supplementary Security Income (SSI) child disability benefits. The act also requires state to impose strict child maintenance programs for collecting child funds from the absent fathers (Weil and Kenneth 5). This act restricts entitlement and other public benefits to the newly immigrants. The act also denies illegal immigrants most of the benefits except under emergency cases. The state is required to provide federal cash support to the legal migrants in the country and to use government funds to assist immigrants not entitled to federal funds. PRWORA provides funds for foster care data system and national child welfare custody research. The law provides for unit fund to enable states to offer childcare for the working parents. The act transforms entitlement criteria and benefits for child nutritional programs. The law has put forth strict standards for food stamps and other benefits. PRWORA minimiz es benefit level and refutes most benefits to able persons unless they are working or in school. Finally, the law limits entitlement for TANF beneficiaries. The law sets up five-year deadline for beneficiaries and deters persons convicted of drug related crimes from accessing this program in their lifetime (Weil and Kenneth 7). Assessing Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) Before the enactment of the bill, the number of people under the welfare program had already fallen. This number continued to fall significantly after signing of the bill into law. Between the period when the bill was signed and the year 2000, the figure of the people under the welfare program went down by almost half, even though caseloads in majority of the states started to go up again by 2001 and continued to vary moderately. Besides, the rate of poverty fell to the lowest recorded level of 19% from 22% in 1994, though this rate never went down remarkably as the figure of t he beneficiaries (Trattner 14). In spite of the encouraging figures, the welfare of those under the PRWORA program was never clear. By the end of 2002, many people who were former beneficiary of the welfare program were by then working low paying jobs with minimal benefits. These people were no longer granted food stamps or medical cover even in cases where they were eligible. In most cases, the underpaying job opportunity for the poor meant loss of the benefits from the welfare program. Majority of the former beneficiaries thus lingered beneath the poverty line. Almost half of the former beneficiaries who left the program in search of jobs went back within a year since they were not able to access jobs or consistent child care (Trattner 15). In addition, almost half of the people who left the welfare program did not have jobs or were not working at all. Some of these people got discouraged from applying for the program; majority had their benefits cut trimmed down or terminated by failing to meet the required threshold while others just vanished from the system (Carale 2). Majority of the beneficiaries of the former welfare program (TANF) had considerable obstacles for employment including illiteracy, health problems, and drug / alcohol problems among others. Even though PRWORA provided no apparent policy guidelines to assist these people overcome such obstacles, beneficiaries faced set time deadline on assistance (Weil and Kenneth 9). Lawful Challenges that pretentious the personal accountability and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act PRWORA brought about a welfare system which was triggered by the level of reforms, though its execution was met by several challenges of the law. Supreme Court ruled against the lesser benefits that was being accorded to the citizens who were moving from state to state since it violated their right of movement. In addition, there were cases of successful petition against the unjust Welfare officers who were mistreating the ben eficiaries. These cases revolved around those officers who were trying to discourage the needy from applying for help, denying them access to the program or giving them unfair hearing in cases where they violated the law. (Weil and Kenneth 10). Nevertheless, some of these court petitions never bared fruit. Examples of such cases include incidences where the applicants tested positive for illegal drugs which is against the law. Other legal challenges have focused on the aid organizations of choice. The law requires the state to include religious organizations when contracting out welfare administration (Trattner 25). The reorganization of the PRWORA It was back in the year 2002 in the month of October when PRWORA mandate expired, but was later on reauthorized by the congress. Within the same year, President Bush increased the working hours for the employees under the program. In addition, President Bush laid down a plan to increase the number of beneficiaries in the work force from 5 0% to70% before the end of his term. The president also offered to finance state programs that encouraged marriage and unmarried adolescent from engaging in premarital sex. The president’s proposals were passed in May the same year (Trattner 5). June 2002 saw the senate finance committee passing a more accommodative bill that raised childcare funds, widened the description of work activities, and allowed state to provide welfare benefits to the legal immigrants. On the other hand, the senate refused to pass the bill. Being unable to reach a compromising ground on the same subject, the Congress passed an abiding resolution to retain TANF until 2003 thus leaving the bill to the subsequent congress (Caraley 5). Conclusion United States is considered to be the world richest economy ad has the greatest share of money in the international monetary fund. With all that wealth it is unbelievable to realize that some of the American citizens still live in poverty. This is a paradox sin ce the median income of the Americans is about 59,000 dollars. This inequality led to a number of social welfare programs to help the poor and the needy. These efforts started in the late 30s following the great depression but the turning point in the America’s welfare reforms took place when President Clinton signed personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act into law in the year 1996. This was a major milestone in the quest for welfare reforms although the act also had some loopholes. The rate of the poor Americans have dropped significantly since the introduction of the bill. Work Cited Bourguignon, Francois. The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle. Washington D.C: World Bank, 2004. Print Caraley, Demetrios James. Ending Welfare As We Know It: A Reform Still in Progress. Political Science Quarterly 116, no. 4 (2001): 525. Glazer, Sarah, Are Former Welfare Recipients Better Off Today? CQ Researcher 11, no. 27 (Aug. 2001). Trattner, Walter. From Poor Law t o Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America. 6th ed. New York: Free Press, 1999. Weil, Alan and Kenneth, Finegold. Welfare Reform: The Next Act. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2002. Print. This essay on Social welfare policy that facilitates reduction of poverty and inequality in US was written and submitted by user Sister Grimm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Study Guide

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Study Guide The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,  by L. Frank Baum, is a book that has transcended its time and place.  More than a century after its publication, it remains a seminal piece of popular culture (helped, of course, by the iconic 1939 film adaptation starring Judy Garland). Much of the novel’s continued  popularity and presence can be attributed the stunning imagination that Baum brought to the work. Equally important, however, is the fact that the story lends itself to multiple interpretations. New generations continue to reinterpret the tale, despite Baums own insistence in the original introduction that the story â€Å"was written solely to please children of today.† Fast Facts: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Author: L. Frank BaumPublisher:  George M. Hill CompanyYear Published:  1900Genre:  Childrens novel  Original language: English  Themes:  Childhood innocence, inner strength, friendship  Characters:  Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Wizard, Glinda the Good Witch of the NorthNotable adaptations:  The Wizard of Oz  (1939, dir. Victor Fleming)   Plot Dorothy is a young girl living in Kansas with her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. A cyclone hits; terrified, Dorothy’s dog Toto hides under the bed. Dorothy goes to fetch him as her aunt and uncle hide in the cellar. The Cyclone carries the whole house- with Dorothy and Toto in it- away. When they land, Dorothy discovers that she has arrived in Munchkinland, part of the Land of Oz. The house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East. Glinda, the Good Witch of the North, arrives. She gives Dorothy the Wicked Witch’s silver slippers and tells her that to get home she will have to travel down the Yellow Brick Road to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. As Dorothy and Toto travel, they meet three companions: A Scarecrow, a Tin Woodman, and a Cowardly Lion. Each lack something- the Scarecrow needs a brain, the Tin Woodman needs a heart, and the Lion needs courage- so Dorothy suggests they all travel to the Emerald City together to ask the Wizard for help. At the Emerald City, the Wizard agrees to give them each what they seek if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West. In Winkie Land, the Wicked Witch sees them coming, and attacks them several times on the way. Finally the Witch uses a magical Golden Cap to summon flying monkeys, who tear the stuffing out of the Scarecrow, dent the Woodman badly, and capture Dorothy, Toto, and the Lion. The Wicked Witch makes Dorothy her slave and tricks her out of one of her silver shoes. This annoys Dorothy and in a fit of anger she throws water on the Witch, and is astonished to see her melt away. The Winkies are delighted and ask the Tin Woodman to become their king, which he agrees to do once Dorothy is home. Dorothy uses the Golden Cap to have the Flying Monkeys carry them back to the Emerald City. There, Toto accidentally reveals the truth: The Wizard is just an ordinary man who traveled from Omaha via hot air balloon many years before. He gives the Scarecrow new stuffing in his head for brains, the Woodman a stuffed silk heart, and the Lion a potion for courage. The Wizard agrees to take Dorothy home with him in his balloon, appointing the Scarecrow ruler in his absence, but once again Toto runs off and as Dorothy gives chase the Wizard accidentally cuts his lines and floats away. Dorothy asks the Flying Monkeys to carry her home, but they cannot cross the desert that bounds Oz on all sides. She and her friends set off to Quadling Country to seek the help of Glinda. Along the way the Lion is asked to become king of the animals in a forest and agrees to do so once Dorothy is home. The Flying Monkeys are summoned for a third and final time to fly them the rest of the way to Glinda. Glinda tells Dorothy that her silver shoes will take her anywhere she wishes to go, and then uses the Golden Cap to ask the Flying Monkeys to take her friends to their respective new kingdoms, and then sets the Monkeys free. Dorothy returns joyously to Kansas with Toto, ecstatic to be home. Major Characters Dorothy:  The  protagonist of the story. She is a young girl from Kansas who lives  with her aunt and uncle on their farm. She maintains a cheerful and childlike happiness in the face of adversity, and demonstrates bravery in frightening moments. She has little patience for deception or indecisiveness. The Scarecrow:  A scarecrow whose greatest  wish is to have the intelligence he believes he lacks. He joins Dorothys journey to the Wizard in order to request a brain.  Ã‚   The Tin Woodman: A former woodchopper who was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the East. Her spell  caused an enchanted axe to chop off each of his limbs.  The Tin Woodman slowly replaced every part of his body with tin, but he did not replace his heart. He wants to ask the Wizard for a heart. The Cowardly Lion:  A lion who  believes himself to be a coward.   The Wicked Witch of the West:  The sister  of The Wicked Witch of the East (who was killed accidentally by Dorothy). She is very powerful and very angry at all times, and is greedy for more power. The Wizard. An ordinary human who, like Dorothy, traveled  into Oz by accident. Taken to be a powerful wizard by the inhabitants of Oz, he goes along with the ruse and builds up an illusion of immense power, though he means no harm. Glinda the Good Witch of the North. A good witch, Glinda is kind and merciful, but her influence diminishes away from her home in the North. She attempts to safeguard and guide Dorothy throughout her adventures. Themes Many of the themes of the book can be seen as simple lessons Baum wished to convey to his young readers. Childhood Innocence:  The story celebrates a conception of childhood that combines duty, virtue, and good behavior with an unfettered imagination. Baum paints Dorothy as thoroughly enjoying her voyage through the magical world of Oz while never flagging in her determination to return home. Inner Strength:  Through the story many of the characters start off believing themselves to be lacking in some fundamental way- the brains, courage, and heart Dorothy’s companions wish for, and Dorothy herself seeks a way to get home- that they turn out to have always possessed. Friendship: The power of helping others and caring for them triumphs over the greed and anger of the Wicked Witch. None of the characters would have found what they wanted without the help of the others. Literary Style and Devices Straightforward Text:  Inspired by classic fairy tales, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is written in a straightforward, plain way that is easy for children to read and understand. Bright Colors: Baum uses a lot of description, emphasizing bright colors and exuberant descriptions in order to generate mental images. Repetition: Baum uses repetition powerfully. Goals, important details, and other aspects of the story are repeated, as are plot points- there are several smaller quests nested inside the main one of Dorothy getting home, for example. Compartmentalized Chapters:  Baum makes  it easy to keep things straight by focusing each chapter on a single main event, with a clear end-point when the chapter finishes. This style makes it easier to easy to read the story in several sittings, as a parent might to a children. Interpretations of The Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is frequently interpreted as more than just a children’s story.  Complex political, social, and historical theories have been credited to it. Populism. One of the most famous theories involves the populist movement that collapsed in the late 19th century, linked to the debate over monetary policy. According to this theory, Dorothy represents the American people as innocent and easily fooled, while other characters represent aspects of society or politicians of the time. Economic forces and theories are represented by The Yellow Brick Road (the gold standard) and the Emerald City (paper money), and the Wizard is the deceptive politicians manipulating the public. There’s more to the theory, but the more you dig into it the less sense it tends to make. Religion.  The Wonderful Wizard of Oz  is frequently identified as a coded allegory by both Christians and atheists, usually using the same symbols in different ways. For religious readers, the story can be seen as a tale of resisting temptations and battling evil through faith. For atheists, the Wizard is a deity who is ultimately revealed to be a sham. Feminism.  There is evidence of a  feminist subtext in The Wizard of Oz. The male characters are all lacking- they are fakes, cowards, and frozen, or part of otherwise oppressed or passive  groups. The women- Dorothy and Glinda most notably- are the true powers in Oz. Legacy The Wonderful Wizard of Oz continues to be read by children and adults around the world. It has been adapted many times for stage and screen and continues to influence both children’s literature and adult fiction. The storys  imagery and symbolism- the Yellow Brick Road, the silver shoes (turned into Ruby Slippers for the classic film), the green-skinned witch, the fanciful companions- are regularly used in new works as both callbacks and reinterpretation. The book is often described as the first American fairy tale, and is indeed one of the first children’s stories to specifically refer to American locations and culture. Key Quotes â€Å"There is no place like home.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh no, my dear; Im really a very good man; but Im a very bad Wizard, I must admit.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Brains do not make one happy, and happiness is the best thing in the world.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The true courage is in facing danger when you are afraid, and that kind of courage you have in plenty.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"How can you talk if you haven’t got a brain? I don’t know†¦ But some people without brains do an awful lot of talking†¦ don’t they?†

IT Conference White Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Conference White Paper - Essay Example However, the PSI-CoE has also indicated its interest in increasing effectiveness, efficiency, cost saving and productivity of the program. Army requests are currently the only requests being processed by the CoE; this however rules out the army reserves and the national guards. The main objective behind this move was to ensure the CoE had the sole responsibility of issuing security clearances and at the same time, bring down any other channel apart from the CoE that issued security clearances. Initially, about 36% of the total requests are being accepted with percentage destined to rise significantly after merging. Pros and Cons Pros The APG will acquire a new platform, while at the same time the additional technical personnel will boost its operations by making it efficient and effective. The APG NEC is currently indicated to lack high bandwidth pipes connecting its different locations, thus the building up of an updated network infrastructure will upgrade the process of attaining a nd working on the information received in the APG NEC. In addition to this, supplementing technical support will also increase efficiency and effectiveness of the Aberdeen Providing Ground Network Enterprise Center. The joint services between the various departments of security will enhance corporation between the numerous personnel involved in the different departments. A good example as indicated is the facilitation of the military intelligence (COEMI) by the Intelligence command (INSCOM). In addition to this, workstation maintenance is destined to be provided by the APG NEC especially if the joint services between the CoE and the MI are undertaken. Moreover, improvement of security is guaranteed upon undertaking the course of action. This will be made possible as the crucial facilities such as the technical and network infrastructure will undergo upgrading or complete makeover. Self-reliance and self-containment will also be upheld in missions, as it will provide the APG NEC with greater flexibility. In order to achieve self-reliance, the mission will rely on organic staffing (Personnel Security Investigation – Center of Excellence (PSI-CoE) IT Way Ahead Conference